| H | |
|---|---|
| H h | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage | [h] [x] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç] |
| Unicode codepoint | U+0048, U+0068 |
| Alphabetical position | 8 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Fourth dimension catamenia | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants | Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ |
| Sisters | И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ |
| Variations | (Run into below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters ordinarily used with | h(ten), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, thursday, wh, (x)h |
H, or h, is the eighth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .[1]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph contend | Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr | Phoenician Heth | Greek Heta | Etruscan H | Latin H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |     | |  |
The original Semitic letter Heth most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts.
The Greek Eta 'Η' in archaic Greek alphabets, before coming to correspond a long vowel, /ɛː/, nonetheless represented a similar sound, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the letter eta is also known as Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Quondam Italic alphabets, the letter Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.
While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, almost all Romance languages lost the sound—Romanian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Castilian developed a secondary /h/ from /f/, earlier losing it once more; diverse Castilian dialects have adult [h] every bit an allophone of /southward/ or /ten/ in well-nigh Spanish-speaking countries, and various dialects of Portuguese employ it as an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is also used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such every bit 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish, Galician, Old Portuguese, and English language; /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English; /x/ in High german, Czech, Shine, Slovak, one native word of English, and a few loanwords into English; and /ç/ in German.
Name in English
For most English speakers, the name for the letter of the alphabet is pronounced as and spelled "aitch"[1] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is often considered to be h-adding and is considered nonstandard in England.[two] It is, however, a feature of Hiberno-English,[three] also as scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English,[4] and in Commonwealth of australia and Nova Scotia.
The perceived name of the letter of the alphabet affects the choice of indefinite commodity before initialisms commencement with H: for case "an H-flop" or "a H-flop". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most of which include the sound they represent.[v]
The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used by approximately 24% of English people born since 1982,[6] and polls continue to evidence this pronunciation becoming more common amidst younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is nonetheless considered to be standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is likewise attested equally a legitimate variant.[2]
Authorities disagree virtually the history of the letter of the alphabet's name. The Oxford English Lexicon says the original name of the letter was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English via Old French [atʃ], and past Middle English language was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of two obsolete orderings of the alphabet, 1 with H immediately followed by Grand and the other without whatever Grand: reciting the former'southward ..., H, Grand, L,... as [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, L,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.[7]
Apply in writing systems
English
In English language, ⟨h⟩ occurs as a single-letter grapheme (beingness either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in various digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /k/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨thursday⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ [8]). The letter is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, chetah, pooh-poohed, every bit well as in certain other words (mostly of French origin) such as hour, honest, herb (in American but not British English language) and vehicle (in certain varieties of English). Initial /h/ is ofttimes not pronounced in the weak course of some function words including had, has, have, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English language (including near regional dialects of England and Wales) information technology is often omitted in all words (meet '⟨h⟩'-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article before a discussion beginning with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an historian", just utilize of a is now more usual (see English manufactures § Indefinite article). In English, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ as /h/ tin can exist analyzed as a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may be realized every bit a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For example the word ⟨hit⟩, /hɪt/ is realized equally [ɪ̥ɪt].[9] H is the eighth most oftentimes used alphabetic character in the English linguistic communication (subsequently S, North, I, O, A, T, and E), with a frequency of about 4.2% in words.[ citation needed ] When h is placed after certain other consonants, it modifies their pronunciation in diverse ways, e.m. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and th.
Other languages
In the German linguistic communication, the name of the alphabetic character is pronounced /haː/. Following a vowel, information technology often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhöhen ('heighten'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for most speakers exterior of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in nearly all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native High german words such as thun ('to do') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which continue to be spelled with ⟨th⟩ even after the final German language spelling reform.
In Castilian and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Spanish, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent letter with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an before pronunciation of the sound /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, it is nevertheless sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words beginning with [je] or [we], such as hielo , 'ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avoid defoliation between their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨five⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩ used to be considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ also appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Castilian and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that take merged both sounds (the latter originally represented by ⟨ten⟩ instead), such every bit most of the Portuguese language and some Spanish dialects, prominently Chilean Spanish.
In French, the name of the letter is written equally "ache" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in two ways, 1 of which can affect the pronunciation, fifty-fifty though it is a silent letter either way. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered as though the letter were not there at all, and so for case the singular definite article le or la, which is elided to fifty' earlier a vowel, elides earlier an H muet followed by a vowel. For example, le + hébergement becomes l'hébergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is chosen h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though information technology is not normally aspirated phonetically), and does not permit elision or liaison. For instance in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may be separated from the noun with a chip of a glottal finish. Most words that brainstorm with an H muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas virtually words commencement with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or non-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [five] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction between the letters ⟨v⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its most important uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /k/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, besides as to differentiate the spellings of certain short words that are homophones, for instance some present tense forms of the verb avere ('to take') (such as hanno, 'they take', vs. anno, 'year'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).
Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian use ⟨h⟩ every bit a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced surround.
In Hungarian, the alphabetic character has no fewer than five pronunciations, with three additional uses every bit a productive and non-productive element of digraphs. The letter h may represent /h/ as in the proper noun of the Székely town Hargita; intervocalically information technology represents /ɦ/ as in tehén; it represents /ten/ in the give-and-take doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and it is silent in cseh. Equally role of a digraph, it represents, in primitive spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the alphabetic character c as in the name Széchenyi; information technology represents, again, with the letter c, /10/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in certain environments it breaks palatalization of a consonant, as in the proper noun Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the proper name Beöty could be pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, it acts as a silent component of a digraph, as in the name Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].
In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is likewise commonly used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic alphabetic character ⟨г⟩.
In Irish, ⟨h⟩ is not considered an independent letter of the alphabet, except for a very few non-native words, however ⟨h⟩ placed after a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to replace the original grade of a séimhiú, a dot placed to a higher place the consonant, afterwards the introduction of typewriters.
In most dialects of Smooth, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ always correspond /x/.
In Basque, during the 20th century it was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Kingdom of spain but information technology marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would be accepted if information technology were the first consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects lacking the aspiration, this meant a complication added to the standardized spelling.
Other systems
Every bit a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), information technology is used mainly for the so-called aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the plain letter are used to represent two sounds: the lowercase class ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small upper-case letter form ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to correspond aspiration.
- H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
- IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ [10]
- ᴴ : Modifier alphabetic character H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[11]
- ₕ : Subscript minor h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902[12]
- ʰ : Modifier letter small h is used in Indo-European studies[13]
- ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics[xiv]
- Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic letter of the alphabet 𐍈 (which represented the sound [hʷ])
- Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters[15]
- Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul[sixteen]
Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets
- 𐤇 : Semitic letter Heth, from which the following symbols derive
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
- ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic letter haglaz, which is probably a descendant of One-time Italic H
- Һ һ : Cyrillic letter Shha, which derives from Latin H
- 𐌷 : Gothic letter haal
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations
- h : Planck constant
- ℏ : reduced Planck constant
- : Blackboard bold capital H used in quaternion notation
Computing codes
| Preview | H | h | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper name | LATIN Uppercase Alphabetic character H | LATIN Pocket-size LETTER H | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 72 | U+0048 | 104 | U+0068 |
| UTF-8 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
| Numeric grapheme reference | H | H | h | h |
| EBCDIC family unit | 200 | C8 | 136 | 88 |
| ASCII 1 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
1 and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Run into besides
- American Sign Language grammar
- List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#H
References
- ^ a b "H" Oxford English Dictionary, 2d edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
- ^ a b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How do you lot pronounce 'H'?". BBC News . Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ Dolan, T. P. (1 January 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Todd, Fifty. & Hancock I.: "International English Ipod", page 254. Routledge, 1990.
- ^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, page 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
- ^ Liberman, Anatoly (seven Baronial 2013). "Alphabet soup, part two: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. Retrieved three October 2013.
- ^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /w/ have merged
- ^ "phonology - Why is /h/ called voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Exchange . Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ Constable, Peter (xix April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 January 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (vii June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode 6 Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (20 September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Everson, Michael (12 August 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ West, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/nineteen-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H" (PDF).
External links
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H
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